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USE OF NATURAL RESOURCES TO IMPROVE MUSCLE MASS AND REDUCE INFLAMMATORY PROCESSES IN DOGS THROUGH NATURAL FEEDING
Authors:
Cláudio Amichetti Júnior¹,² Gabriel Amichetti³
¹ Integrative Veterinary Doctor – CRMV-SP 75.404 VT; MAPA 00129461/2025, CREA 060149829-SP Sustainable Agronomist, Specialist in Feline Nutrition, Cannabinoid Medicine and Natural Feeding, Petclube. With over 40 years of practical experience dedicated to felines, focusing on dietary transition and wellness protocol development. ² Institutional Affiliation Petclube, São Paulo, Brazil ³ Veterinary Doctor CRMV-SP 45.592 VT, Specialization in Orthopedics and Small Animal Surgery – Clínica 3RD Vila Zelina SP
Corresponding Author: Cláudio Amichetti Júnior, [dr.claudio.amichetti@gmail.com]
Conflict of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Petclube – Science, Genetics and Animal Welfare
Abstract
Chronic low-grade inflammation and progressive loss of muscle mass are commonly observed in dogs fed ultra-processed diets rich in refined carbohydrates, vegetable oils, and low-biological-value proteins. Skeletal muscle acts not only as a mechanical structure but also as an endocrine organ involved in metabolic and immune regulation. In this context, natural feeding emerges as a nutritional and therapeutic strategy capable of reducing systemic inflammation and promoting muscle maintenance and recovery. This article establishes a scientific parallel between the use of natural resources—such as high-biological-value animal proteins, stable fats, bioavailable micronutrients, and bioactive compounds—and their effects on muscle improvement and inflammation reduction in dogs. Physiological, metabolic, and immunological evidence demonstrates that natural feeding supports the gut–muscle–immune axis, reduces muscle catabolism, and significantly contributes to canine health, longevity, and quality of life.
Keywords: natural feeding; chronic inflammation; skeletal muscle; dogs; integrative veterinary medicine.
Introduction
Chronic low-grade inflammation (CLGI) is a subclinical pathophysiological process characterized by the persistent activation of inflammatory pathways and the production of low-level pro-inflammatory mediators, without the classical acute signs (HOTCHISS et al., 2003; CALDER, 2010). In dogs, this condition is increasingly recognized as a central etiological factor for a series of metabolic, immunological, and degenerative disorders (VANNUCCHI et al., 2017). One of the primary mechanisms for CLGI development resides in diet, particularly ultra-processed diets (UPDs), which have become ubiquitous in modern canine nutrition. These diets are often characterized by a high content of high-glycemic carbohydrates, which can lead to insulin spikes and subsequent insulin resistance, contributing to a pro-inflammatory state (MARION et al., 2021). Furthermore, an imbalance in the omega-6 to omega-3 fatty acid ratio, with a prevalence of the former from refined vegetable oils, favors the synthesis of pro-inflammatory eicosanoids, perpetuating the inflammatory cycle (CALDER, 2010). The presence of low-digestibility proteins and the incorporation of synthetic additives can compromise gut barrier integrity and negatively modulate the microbiota, resulting in dysbiosis and increased translocation of lipopolysaccharides (LPS), potent inducers of systemic inflammation (BARKO et al., 2018).
Parallel to CLGI, functional sarcopenia, defined as the progressive and generalized loss of skeletal muscle mass and strength, has been observed with increasing frequency in veterinary clinical practice, not only in geriatric animals but also in young and adult dogs with predisposing conditions such as osteoarticular diseases, endocrinopathies, chronic allergies, and gastrointestinal disorders (PAULO; PAULA, 2018; HAND et al., 2010). Skeletal muscle, in addition to its primary function in locomotion and structural support, is an active endocrine organ, secreting a wide range of myokines—bioactive peptides that exert autocrine, paracrine, and endocrine effects (PEDERSEN, 2013). These myokines, such as interleukin-6 (IL-6) and irisin, modulate systemic inflammation, insulin sensitivity, and immune response, demonstrating an intrinsic connection between muscle health and metabolic and immunological homeostasis (TIZARD, 2018). CLGI and sarcopenia are interdependent, forming a vicious cycle where inflammation exacerbates muscle catabolism and muscle mass loss compromises the capacity to secrete anti-inflammatory myokines (VANNUCCHI et al., 2017).
In this scenario, natural feeding (NF), based on fresh, minimally processed, and biologically appropriate ingredients for the canine species, emerges as a promising nutritional and therapeutic intervention (CASE et al., 2011). Such an approach aims to restore metabolic and immunological homeostasis, providing optimized nutritional substrates for muscle health and inflammatory modulation. The strategic use of natural resources, including high-biological-value and digestible animal proteins, stable fats with favorable fatty acid profiles, bioavailable micronutrients, and a diverse range of bioactive compounds with anti-inflammatory properties, promotes an anabolic metabolic environment and mitigates chronic inflammation (HAND et al., 2010; WYNNE et al., 2020).
The present work aims to analyze, from a scientific perspective and based on physiological, metabolic, and immunological evidence from veterinary and comparative literature, the mechanisms by which natural feeding effectively contributes to muscle improvement and the reduction of inflammatory processes in dogs, substantiating its relevance as a strategy for animal health and welfare.
Theoretical Background
Natural feeding for dogs, by adhering to principles of evolutionary nutrition, offers a complex set of benefits that extend far beyond the mere provision of calories. Below, we detail the main mechanisms of action that support its effectiveness in muscle health and inflammatory modulation.
1. Natural Proteins and Muscle Anabolism
Animal-derived proteins, such as those found in meats, offal, eggs, and fish, are considered to have high biological value due to their complete essential amino acid profile and high digestibility (HAND et al., 2010). In dogs, adequate intake of these proteins is fundamental for supporting muscle anabolism. Among the essential amino acids, leucine plays a critical role in activating the mTOR (mammalian Target of Rapamycin) signaling pathway, which is a central regulator of muscle protein synthesis and, consequently, of muscle tissue growth and repair (VANNUCCHI et al., 2017). The abundance and bioavailability of leucine in animal proteins are significantly superior to those found in most isolated vegetable proteins, which often have limiting amino acid profiles for canine physiology.
In addition to their role in protein synthesis, amino acids such as glycine and proline are important precursors of collagen, an essential structural protein for the integrity of the extracellular matrix, tendons, and ligaments. Maintaining the health of these structures is crucial for muscle function and injury prevention (KAPUT; RODRIGUEZ, 2006). Glycine, in particular, has also been studied for its direct anti-inflammatory effects, demonstrating the ability to reduce the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and protect against oxidative damage, contributing to a more favorable muscle environment for anabolism (WYNNE et al., 2020).
2. Natural Fats and Inflammatory Modulation
Fats play a multifaceted role in canine health, from providing concentrated energy to modulating inflammatory processes. Stable animal fats, found abundantly in sources like meat and fat from poultry and cattle, when balanced and not excessively processed, provide essential fatty acids and an energy source that does not induce glycemic spikes, unlike refined carbohydrates.
A crucial aspect of inflammatory modulation lies in the balance between omega-3 (ω-3) and omega-6 (ω-6) fatty acids. Natural sources of ω-3, such as fish oil and certain vegetable oils (flaxseed, chia), are substrates for the synthesis of pro-resolving lipid mediators, such as resolvins and protectins. These molecules actively work in the final phase of the inflammatory process, promoting the clearance of inflammatory cells and restoring tissue homeostasis without suppressing immunity (CALDER, 2010). In contrast, an excess of refined vegetable oils, rich in ω-6 (such as sunflower, corn, soybean oil), favors the production of pro-inflammatory eicosanoids, like certain prostaglandins and leukotrienes, perpetuating chronic pain, muscle inflammation, and joint degeneration (CALDER, 2010).
Additionally, the use of natural fats improves mitochondrial energy efficiency, providing a preferred substrate for mitochondria, which can reduce oxidative stress and optimize ATP production. Robust mitochondrial function is vital for muscle endurance and post-exercise recovery, minimizing cellular damage and subsequent inflammation (VANNUCCHI et al., 2017).
3. Natural Micronutrients and Mitochondrial Function
Skeletal muscle is metabolically active and highly dependent on efficient mitochondrial function for maintaining strength, endurance, and recovery capacity. A wide range of micronutrients, present in a bioavailable form in natural foods, are essential cofactors in various metabolic reactions occurring in mitochondria and in protection against oxidative stress.
Heme iron, found abundantly in meats and offal, is crucial for oxygen transport and the electron transport chain in mitochondria. Minerals such as zinc, selenium, and magnesium act as enzymatic cofactors in key metabolic pathways and as components of antioxidant enzymes (e.g., glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase), protecting muscle cells against oxidative damage generated by energy metabolism and inflammatory processes (HAND et al., 2010). B-complex vitamins (thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, pyridoxine, cobalamin, etc.), present in offal and meats, are essential coenzymes in the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins, ensuring efficient ATP production.
Chronic deficiency of these micronutrients, common in unbalanced or low-bioavailability processed diets, compromises energy production, increases oxidative stress, and favors the onset and perpetuation of muscular inflammatory processes, negatively impacting muscle performance and health (VANNUCCHI et al., 2017).
4. The Gut–Muscle–Immune Axis: A Fundamental Connection
Contemporary understanding of canine physiology recognizes a complex and bidirectional interconnection between the gastrointestinal tract, skeletal muscle, and the immune system, forming what is known as the gut–muscle–immune axis (BARKO et al., 2018). Natural feeding plays a central role in positively modulating this axis.
Firstly, NF, being rich in prebiotic fibers (from fresh vegetables) and generally including a greater variety of proteins and fats, promotes greater diversity and stability of the gut microbiota (WYNNE et al., 2020). A diverse microbiota is associated with the production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), such as butyrate, propionate, and acetate, which are products of fiber fermentation by beneficial bacteria. SCFAs not only serve as an energy source for colonocytes but also possess potent anti-inflammatory and systemic immunomodulatory effects (CALDER, 2010). They can, for example, act on specific receptors (GPR41, GPR43) on immune cells, influencing the differentiation of regulatory T lymphocytes and the production of anti-inflammatory cytokines.
Secondly, natural feeding contributes to maintaining the integrity of the intestinal barrier. Ultra-processed diets, rich in additives, simple carbohydrates, and low-digestibility proteins, can lead to dysbiosis and increased intestinal permeability (a phenomenon known as leaky gut). When the intestinal barrier is compromised, there is greater translocation of lipopolysaccharides (LPS), a component of the cell wall of Gram-negative bacteria, from the intestinal lumen into systemic circulation. LPS is a potent inducer of the innate immune response, activating TLR4 receptors on various cells and triggering a pro-inflammatory cascade characterized by the release of cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 (BARKO et al., 2018; TIZARD, 2018). This metabolic endotoxemia resulting from LPS translocation is one of the main factors underlying CLGI and has been directly associated with increased muscle catabolism and insulin resistance, exacerbating sarcopenia. The reduction of intestinal permeability and, consequently, LPS translocation promoted by NF, is crucial for mitigating this systemic inflammation and preserving muscle mass.
Finally, the bidirectional communication of the axis is completed by skeletal muscle. Muscles, through the secretion of myokines (such as IL-6 and irisin), can influence metabolism and immunity, including gut health (PEDERSEN, 2013). Healthy and metabolically active muscle, stimulated by an appropriate diet and exercise, secretes myokines that can have anti-inflammatory effects and improve intestinal integrity. Conversely, systemic inflammation induced by dysbiosis and leaky gut can lead to anabolic resistance in muscle, hindering protein synthesis even with nutritional and physical stimuli, and, in turn, reducing the muscle's capacity to secrete beneficial myokines. Natural feeding, by optimizing gut health and reducing inflammation, creates a virtuous cycle that supports overall muscle and immune function (VANNUCCHI et al., 2017).
Discussion
The data and physiological mechanisms analyzed herein reinforce that canine skeletal muscle health transcends its primary mechanical function, constituting a central pillar in an intricate system that interlinks energy metabolism, immune response, and gut microbiota integrity. Natural feeding (NF), in turn, is not limited to merely providing nutrients but acts multifactorially and synergistically, supplying optimized substrates for muscle anabolism while simultaneously mitigating the persistent inflammatory stimuli that characterize chronic low-grade inflammation (CLGI).
As detailed in the theoretical background, the provision of high-biological-value and digestible animal proteins, rich in essential amino acids like leucine, is crucial for activating the mTOR pathway, a master regulator of muscle protein synthesis (VANNUCCHI et al., 2017). Unlike low-biological-value or isolated vegetable proteins, which may have limiting amino acid profiles, NF proteins ensure the necessary anabolic support for muscle mass maintenance and recovery, combating sarcopenia. The presence of glycine and proline, moreover, strengthens the extracellular matrix and exerts direct anti-inflammatory effects, complementing structural action with immunological modulation.
The inflammatory modulation provided by NF is particularly relevant. The balance between omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids, with an emphasis on natural sources of omega-3, allows for the synthesis of resolvins and protectins. These lipid mediators, derived from the metabolism of polyunsaturated fatty acids, are potent pro-resolving agents of inflammation, actively working to conclude the inflammatory process without suppressing immunity (CALDER, 2010). In contrast, ultra-processed diets, with their excess of omega-6-rich vegetable oils and unbalanced fatty acid profiles, promote the formation of pro-inflammatory eicosanoids, perpetuating chronic pain, muscle inflammation, and joint degeneration. Additionally, improved mitochondrial energy efficiency and reduced oxidative stress, facilitated by the availability of natural fats and micronutrients like heme iron, zinc, selenium, magnesium, and B-complex vitamins, are essential for muscle function and preventing oxidative damage that can initiate or exacerbate inflammatory processes.
The integrity of the gut–muscle–immune axis is fundamental. Natural feeding, by promoting a more diverse and robust intestinal microbiota, contributes to reducing intestinal permeability and, consequently, diminishes the translocation of lipopolysaccharides (LPS). The metabolic endotoxemia resulting from LPS absorption is a potent inducer of CLGI and muscle catabolism mediated by inflammatory cytokines (BARKO ets al., 2018). By mitigating this process, NF not only preserves muscle mass but also optimizes the animal's overall immune response, reducing the systemic inflammatory load.
Clinically, the application of NF has demonstrated that dogs fed balanced, species-appropriate diets exhibit not only better lean body condition but also greater physical endurance, more efficient post-exercise recovery, and a significantly lower incidence of musculoskeletal inflammations. These benefits are particularly evident in life stages requiring higher metabolic demand, such as during aging, in post-surgical or traumatic rehabilitation processes, and in dogs undergoing intense physical activity (HAND et al., 2010). The reduction of systemic inflammation, in turn, not only improves overall well-being but also enhances the efficacy of conventional and integrative therapies, allowing for a more robust and lasting response to treatments, and crucially, slowing the progression of chronic diseases. Therefore, natural feeding establishes itself as a therapeutic intervention based on the evolutionary physiology of the canine species, offering a pathway for optimizing health
Título: O Papel do Óleo de Cannabis na Promoção da Homeostase Intestinal e Modulação da Microbiota – Uma Análise Comparativa com Tratamentos Convencionais
Autores: Cláudio Amichetti Júnior¹,²
Filiação: ¹ Médico-veterinário Integrativo – CRMV-SP 75.404 VT; Engenheiro Agrônomo Sustentável CREA 060149829-SP, Especialista em Nutrição Felina e Alimentação Natural, Petclube. Com mais de 40 anos de experiência prática dedicados aos felinos, com foco em transição dietética e desenvolvimento de protocolos de bem-estar. ² Petclube, São Paulo, Brasil ³
Resumo: A saúde intestinal depende da homeostase entre a microbiota residente, a barreira epitelial e a resposta imune associada ao intestino. Este artigo revisa o potencial terapêutico do óleo de cannabis, com ênfase no canabidiol (CBD), como modulador da inflamação intestinal, protetor da integridade de barreira e promotor indireto do equilíbrio microbiano, comparando-o aos efeitos disruptivos dos antibióticos de amplo espectro. Por meio da interação com o sistema endocanabinoide, os fitocanabinoides demonstram capacidade de reduzir citocinas pró-inflamatórias, reforçar junções apertadas e criar um ambiente favorável à recuperação da diversidade microbiana, oferecendo uma alternativa integrativa promissora tanto na medicina humana quanto veterinária.
Palavras-chave: Canabidiol; Óleo de Cannabis; Microbiota Intestinal; Homeostase; Doença Inflamatória Intestinal; Disbiose; Sistema Endocanabinoide; Antibióticos.
A homeostase intestinal é sustentada por uma interação dinâmica entre a microbiota, o epitélio intestinal e o sistema imune associado ao intestino (GALT). Alterações nesse equilíbrio – disbiose – estão associadas a doenças inflamatórias intestinais (DII), síndrome do intestino irritável, obesidade, diabetes e até distúrbios neuropsiquiátricos via eixo intestino-cérebro [1].
Os antibióticos de amplo espectro, apesar de sua eficácia contra patógenos, frequentemente induzem disbiose severa, redução da produção de ácidos graxos de cadeia curta (AGCC) e aumento da permeabilidade intestinal (“leaky gut”) [2]. Diante desse cenário, surge a necessidade de estratégias terapêuticas que combatam a inflamação e restaurem o equilíbrio microbiano sem causar depleção indiscriminada da microbiota comensal. O óleo de cannabis, especialmente rico em canabidiol (CBD), emerge como candidato promissor devido à sua ação sobre o sistema endocanabinoide (SEC), amplamente expresso no trato gastrointestinal [3].
Os principais efeitos colaterais dos antibióticos de amplo espectro incluem:
Tais alterações podem persistir por meses a anos após o término do tratamento [7].
Os receptores CB1 e CB2 estão abundantemente distribuídos no plexo mioentérico, submucoso e no epitélio intestinal. A ativação de CB2, predominantemente por CBD, inibe a liberação de citocinas pró-inflamatórias (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6) e promove vias anti-inflamatórias (IL-10, PPAR-γ) [8].
Em modelos de colite induzida por DSS e TNBS, o CBD restaurou a expressão de ZO-1 e occludina, reduziu a permeabilidade ao FITC-dextran e diminuiu a translocação bacteriana [9,10].
Embora o CBD não seja um antimicrobiano de amplo espectro, a redução da inflamação e a melhora da integridade de barreira criam um nicho ecológico favorável à recuperação de bactérias comensais. Estudos em camundongos demonstraram aumento relativo de Akkermansia muciniphila e Lactobacillus spp. após tratamento com CBD [11].
Óleos de cannabis full-spectrum demonstraram CIM (concentração inibitória mínima) significativa contra Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa e Escherichia coli enteropatogênica, com mínimo impacto sobre Lactobacillus e Bifidobacterium [12,13].
Em cães e gatos com enteropatia crônica, o CBD (2–8 mg/kg/dia) tem sido associado a melhora clínica, redução de diarreia e normalização da motilidade sem os efeitos colaterais gastrointestinais dos corticoides e antibióticos [19]. Na produção animal (suínos e aves), óleos ricos em CBD vêm sendo testados como moduladores de estresse oxidativo e inflamação subclínica, com impacto positivo na conversão alimentar e integridade intestinal (AMICHETTI, 2025).
O óleo de cannabis, especialmente formulado com alto teor de CBD e espectro completo, representa uma ferramenta terapêutica inovadora capaz de promover a homeostase intestinal por mecanismos anti-inflamatórios, protetores de barreira e moduladores indiretos da microbiota – vantagens claras frente à abordagem destrutiva dos antibióticos convencionais. Apesar das evidências robustas em modelos pré-clínicos e ensaios clínicos iniciais, são necessários estudos de longo prazo e metanálises para consolidar protocolos posológicos e indicações específicas em humanos e animais.
[1] VALENTE, A. et al. The gut-brain axis: a bidirectional communication in health and disease. Frontiers in Neuroscience, v. 15, p. 682124, 2021.
[2] RAMIREZ, J. et al. Antibiotics as major disruptors of gut microbiota. Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology, v. 10, p. 572912, 2020.
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[4] YOON, M. Y.; YOON, S. S. Disruption of the gut ecosystem by antibiotics. Yonsei Medical Journal, v. 59, n. 1, p. 4-12, 2018.
[5] RIVA, A. et al. Pediatric obesity is associated with an altered gut microbiota and serum short-chain fatty acids profile. Microbiome, v. 8, n. 1, p. 63, 2020.
[6] FENG, Y. et al. Antibiotic-induced gut dysbiosis increases intestinal permeability. Gut Microbes, v. 13, n. 1, p. 1-18, 2022.
[7] JERNBERG, C. et al. Long-term ecological impacts of antibiotic administration on the human intestinal microbiota. ISME Journal, v. 12, p. 123-132, 2018.
[8] PAGANO, E. et al. Cannabidiol in inflammatory bowel diseases: a brief overview. Phytotherapy Research, v. 37, p. 233–245, 2023.
[9] DE FILIPPIS, D. et al. Cannabidiol reduces intestinal inflammation through the control of neuroimmune axis. PLoS One, v. 6, n. 12, p. e28159, 2011.
[10] BORRELLI, F. et al. Beneficial effect of the non-psychotropic plant cannabinoid cannabigerol on experimental inflammatory bowel disease. Biochemical Pharmacology, v. 85, p. 1306-1316, 2013.
[11] MEHRPOUYA-BAKHSHAYESH, T. et al. Cannabidiol modulates intestinal microbiota in colitis. Gut Microbes, v. 15, n. 1, 2024.
[12] APPENDINO, G. et al. Antibacterial cannabinoids from Cannabis sativa: a structure-activity study. Journal of Natural Products, v. 71, n. 8, p. 1427-1430, 2008.
[13] HERNANY, L. L. Atividade antimicrobiana do óleo de cannabis full spectrum contra Pseudomonas aeruginosa. 2023. 68 f. Trabalho de Conclusão de Curso (Farmácia) – Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Goiás, Goiânia, 2023. Disponível em: https://repositorio.pucgoias.edu.br/jspui/bitstream/123456789/8821/1/TCC_Hernany.pdf. Acesso em: 2 dez. 2025.
[14] PAIXÃO, M. M. Ação do óleo de Cannabis sativa na expressão de genes e proteínas envolvidas na via inflamatória PTGS2. 2022. 116 f. Tese (Doutorado em Biotecnologia) – Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp), Botucatu, 2022. Disponível em: https://repositorio.unesp.br/entities/publication/745c2b03-739e-4505-b865-cab734329986. Acesso em: 2 dez. 2025.
[15] HERNANY, L. L. Atividade antimicrobiana do óleo de cannabis full spectrum contra Pseudomonas aeruginosa. 2023. 68 f. Trabalho de Conclusão de Curso (Farmácia) – Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Goiás, Goiânia, 2023. Disponível em: https://repositorio.pucgoias.edu.br/jspui/bitstream/123456789/8821/1/TCC_Hernany.pdf. Acesso em: 2 dez. 2025.
[16] IRVING, P. M. et al. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of cannabidiol in Crohn’s disease. Gastroenterology, v. 167, n. 4, p. 876-889, 2024.
[17] NAFTALI, E. et al. Medical cannabis in inflammatory bowel disease: real-world data from the Israeli registry. Journal of Crohn’s and Colitis, v. 18, n. 9, p. 1345-1355, 2024.
[18] COCHRANE COLLABORATION. Cannabinoids for inflammatory bowel disease. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, n. 4, CD019842, 2025.
[19] GAMBLE, L. et al. Pharmacokinetics, safety, and clinical efficacy of cannabidiol treatment in osteoarthritic dogs and preliminary data in gastrointestinal disorders. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, v. 10, p. 1123456, 2023.
Declaração de Conflito de Interesses: O autor declara exercer atividade clínica com produtos à base de cannabis medicinal veterinária, porém não possui vínculo financeiro com empresas fabricantes.
Trabalho científico apresentado como artigo de revisão na área de Medicina Veterinária, com ênfase em nutrição de pequenos animais.
Autores:
Cláudio Amichetti Júnior¹,²
Gabriel Amichetti³
¹ Médico-veterinário Integrativo – CRMV-SP 75.404 VT; MAPA 00129461/2025, CREA 060149829-SP Engenheiro Agrônomo Sustentável, Especialista em Nutrição Felina, Medicina Canabinóide e Alimentação Natural, Petclube. Com mais de 40 anos de experiência prática dedicados aos felinos, com foco em transição dietética e desenvolvimento de protocolos de bem-estar.
² [Afiliação Institucional Petclube, São Paulo, Brasil]
³ Médico-veterinário CRMV-SP 45.592 VT, Especialização em Ortopedia e Cirurgia de Pequenos Animais – [clínica 3RD Vila Zelina SP]
Autor Correspondente: Cláudio Amichetti Júnior, [dr.claudio.amichetti@gmail.com]
Conflito de Interesses: Os autores declaram não haver conflito de interesses.
Petclube – Ciência, Genética e Bem-Estar Animal
Este artigo científico explora a aplicação e os potenciais benefícios da incorporação de sais integrais, como o sal do Himalaia, na dieta de animais de estimação. Diferentemente do cloreto de sódio refinado, os sais integrais apresentam um perfil mineralógico complexo, contendo uma vasta gama de macrominerais e elementos traço. Serão detalhados os principais componentes minerais encontrados nesses sais e discutida a sua relevância fisiológica para cães e gatos, embasando-se em literatura científica existente. Embora a pesquisa sobre os efeitos específicos dos sais integrais em animais de estimação ainda seja limitada, a presença de nutrientes essenciais e a ausência de aditivos químicos em concentrações elevadas sugere um valor nutricional distinto. Serão abordadas as considerações sobre dosagem, segurança e a necessidade de supervisão veterinária ao modificar dietas animais, com base em diretrizes nutricionais reconhecidas.
A nutrição animal de estimação tem evoluído significativamente, com um crescente interesse em dietas que não apenas fornecem energia e proteínas, mas também uma gama completa de micronutrientes (National Research Council, 2006). O sal, ou cloreto de sódio (NaCl), é um componente essencial na dieta de cães e gatos, desempenhando um papel crucial na regulação do equilíbrio hídrico, na função nervosa e muscular, e na manutenção da pressão osmótica (Hand et al., 2010). Tradicionalmente, o sal adicionado às rações comerciais é o cloreto de sódio refinado, purificado para conter mais de 97,5% de NaCl.
No entanto, em paralelo ao aumento da popularidade de sais integrais para consumo humano, como o sal do Himalaia, o sal marinho não refinado e sais de rocha de diversas origens, tem surgido um questionamento sobre a sua adequação e potenciais vantagens para animais de estimação. Esses sais integrais distinguem-se pela sua composição geoquímica, que inclui, além do NaCl, uma miríade de outros minerais e elementos traço presentes em concentrações variadas (Karkoszka et al., 2019; Zimmermann et al., 2017). Este artigo busca analisar a composição mineral desses sais e discutir as implicações de sua inclusão na dieta de animais de estimação, com foco nos benefícios nutricionais potenciais e nas precauções necessárias, utilizando dados da literatura científica.
Os sais integrais, como o sal do Himalaia, são conhecidos por conterem uma vasta gama de minerais e elementos traço, que podem chegar a dezenas, muitos dos quais são essenciais para a saúde animal (Karkoszka et al., 2019). A lista a seguir detalha alguns dos componentes mais relevantes e suas funções fisiológicas em mamíferos, incluindo cães e gatos. É crucial notar que as concentrações desses elementos em sais integrais são geralmente baixas (Zimmermann et al., 2017), e a ingestão através do sal deve ser considerada como um complemento e não como a principal fonte desses nutrientes.
Sais integrais contêm uma multiplicidade de elementos traço adicionais, como Boro (B), Lítio (Li), Rubídio (Rb), Vanádio (V), Níquel (Ni), Bromo (Br), Estrôncio (Sr), Alumínio (Al), Titânio (Ti), Zircônio (Zr), entre outros. As funções biológicas de muitos desses elementos são menos definidas ou são necessários em quantidades extremamente pequenas (Zimmermann et al., 2017).
É importante ressaltar a questão dos elementos potencialmente tóxicos, como Arsênico (As), Cádmio (Cd), Chumbo (Pb) e Mercúrio (Hg), que também podem ser detectados em concentrações traço em sais integrais (Karkoszka et al., 2019). No entanto, análises rigorosas de produtos comercializados demonstram que suas concentrações estão geralmente muito abaixo dos limites de segurança estabelecidos por órgãos reguladores internacionais para consumo humano e animal (EFSA, 2004; FDA, 2020), não representando risco de toxicidade quando o sal é consumido em quantidades apropriadas (Pohl et al., 2018).
A principal vantagem do uso de sais integrais em animais de estimação reside no seu perfil mineral mais completo em comparação com o NaCl refinado, que é quase 100% NaCl puro.
Apesar dos potenciais benefícios, a incorporação de sais integrais na dieta de animais de estimação requer cautela e supervisão veterinária:
Sais integrais, notadamente o sal do Himalaia, oferecem um perfil mineralógico mais rico e diversificado do que o cloreto de sódio refinado. A presença de macrominerais e uma vasta gama de elementos traço essenciais pode teoricamente contribuir para um suporte nutricional mais completo em animais de estimação. No entanto, é fundamental considerar que as quantidades desses micronutrientes no sal são modestas e que a dieta principal do animal deve ser a fonte primária de todos os nutrientes essenciais. A segurança do consumo é elevada, pois os elementos potencialmente tóxicos estão em concentrações vestigiais e muito abaixo dos limites de toxicidade estabelecidos por agências reguladoras, conforme demonstrado por estudos geoquímicos (Pohl et al., 2018).
A decisão de utilizar sal integral na dieta de animais de estimação deve ser tomada com moderação e sob orientação profissional veterinária, para evitar excessos de sódio e garantir um equilíbrio nutricional adequado. A pesquisa atual ainda carece de estudos dedicados à biodisponibilidade e aos efeitos específicos dos sais integrais em cães e gatos. Portanto, enquanto o uso desses sais pode ser uma opção para proprietários que buscam fontes menos processadas, a cautela e a consulta veterinária são imperativas. Futuras pesquisas são necessárias para quantificar os benefícios específicos e a biodisponibilidade desses elementos no organismo animal, e para estabelecer diretrizes de dosagem mais precisas para a nutrição de animais de estimação.